Histo-Bio Reading of the Farming of Bones Essay Example for Free

Histo-Bio Reading of the Farming of Bones Essay â€Å"Our motherland is Spain; theirs is darkest Africa, you understand? They once came here only to cut sugarcane, but now there are more of them than there will ever be cane to cut, you understand? Our problem is one of dominion. Those of us who love our country are taking measures to keep it our own†. This statement was memorized by both the Haitian and Dominicans prisoners tortured by the soldiers during the â€Å"Parsley massacre†, which was a clear illustration of the xenophobia the Tyrannical leader, General Trujillo had. Thus, a wave of genocide which decimates the Haitian emigre population is justified (Brice-Finch, 1999). Farming of the Bones, a novel of Danticat, does not only vividly reveal a detailed, fictional narration of what happened to the Haitians before, during, and after the â€Å"El Corte† or provide us a glimpse of the author’s life as a Haitian. The novel, considered to be one of the literary records of history of Haitians, was able to captivate the lives of Haitians in a land they partly owned. The Farming of Bones is a stark reminder of the massacre as well as a tribute to the valor of those Haitians who escaped the terror (Brice-Finch 1999). At that particular time, Haiti was being colonized by the Americans. This event pushed some of the natives to go to Dominican Republic and find work to be able to help their families left in Haiti. Most of them became cane workers, housemaids, houseboys, etc. as expected, most of them were being oppressed by their employers in different ways. Some of them were overworked but underpaid and some are physically abused. However, amabelle did not suffer the same fate as a personal maid since she was adored, if not loved by her employers. Papi and Donya Valencia, her patroness, never failed to treat her right. However, when the tyrant General Trujillo felt that the number of Haitians is continuing to grow, he felt it was high time to â€Å"cleanse† their land. After hearing news of the killings, Amabelle then decided to leave her patrons and go back to Haiti with her lover Sebastien and his sister. However, when she was about to leave, the cutting in 1937— a part of General Trujillo’s dictatorial regime, Donya Valencia bled—an event that made her stay at the house a little bit longer. Because of the slight delay, Amabelle was not able to meet Sebastien and Mimi by the church—the meeting place for those who will cross the border with Doctor Javier. It was said, nonetheless, that all those who were to meet in church were arrested by the soldiers together with the doctor and the priests. Amabelle then decided to go and find Mimi and his brother. She journeyed with Yves, a good friend of Sebastien. While they were on their journey, there were several instances of them having themselves almost killed by the Dominicans. Their companions, whim they met on the way, also died one by one and Yves and Amabelle were the only ones to return to their homeland. There, they attempted to have normal lives so they kept themselves busy; however, no matter what they do, it was very clear that the ghosts of the past would haunt them until death.the border region. These instances from the novel clearly mirror the 1937 Parsley massacre and had shown a very precise documentary of the said horrifying event. Such instances are as follows: First, General Trujillo was really the name of the tyrannical leader of Dominican Republic from 1930 to 1961, who ordered to kill all the Haitians so that, generally, they could have their country only for themselves. In the novel, him despising the Haitians was clearly shown in his actions. He was the sole mastermind of the â€Å"cleansing† of their border and he was also the one to pay very small amount of money to all the victims after the almost one-week bloodbath. Second, the narration of the Parsley Massacre was exactly how the event happened in 1937. The trucks containing the Haitians were real. The â€Å"killing spree†, where the peasants are to line by six and jump off a cliff if they were not able to say â€Å"perejil† (parsley) correctly, since the color of the Dominicans and Hatians are almost the same, also happened the same way it was in the novel. A quote from Senyora Valencia illustrates this point: â€Å"And in the parsley he said ‘pewegil’ for perejil. The Generalissimo had him in plain sight and could have shot him in the parsley, but he did not because the Generalissimo had a realization. Your people did not trill their r the way we do, or pronounce the jota. ‘You can never hide as long as there is parsley nearby,’ the Generalissi mo is believed to have said. On this island, you walk too far and people speak a different language. Their own words reveal who belongs on what side.† In this particular event, Dominican troops killed between 10,000 and 15,000 Haitians in approximately 2-6 days, particularly from October 2nd to October 4th 1937 (Upchurch, 1998). Third, the River of Massacre is really the name of the river at the borderline of Haiti and Dominican Republic. The Massacre River was named for a seventeeth century bloodbath, but as Danticat makes clear, it has continued to live up to its name. The river divides the small Caribbean island of Hispaniola into the countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Because the countries are so close, their fates have historically been intertwined. The Farming of Bones begins in the Republic, during the regime of General Rafael Trujillo (Upchurch, 1998). Fourth and last in the significant similarities in events in history and the novel was that even though the Dominican leader taught its people to be cruel and to have no mercy for the Haitians, some of them chose to defy the General and helped hide several peasants during the mass killing. Senyora Valencia was a great example of such Dominicans: â€Å"Do you truly understand? During El Corte, though I was bleeding and nearly died, I hid many of your people. I hid a baby who is now a student at the medical school with Rosalinda and her husband. I hid Sylvie and two families in your old room. I hid some of Donya Sabine’s people before she and her husband escaped to Haiti. I did what I could in my situation.† In history, however, it is believed that although we must acknowledge that the Haitian-Dominican conflict stemmed from the occupation of the Dominican Republic by Haiti, it would be dangerous, and unfair to the Dominican people, to attribute Trujillo’s acts and ideology entirely to the same origin. Most of the Dominican people did not participate in Trujillo’s massacre of the Haitians. In fact, Many Haitians were saved by good-hearted Dominicans who could not imagine and could not accept the killings of thousands of innocents for petty reasons. The best example of this fact is the Dominican politician, Jose Maria Peza Gomez, who is believed to be of Haitian descent, and who escaped the massacre because a White Dominican family adopted him. As for the author’s relation to the characters, I found Amabelle most likely to share the life of Edwidge Danticat. There are few similarities in them but if you would compare Danticat’s life to that of other characters, it is most likely that you would find it difficult. For one, Danticat had always wanted to be a writer ever since she was a child. Her parents, on the other hand wanted her to be a doctor. In Amabelle’s case, she had always been veering away from her parents’ love for giving birth and chose to just sew clothes and at the same time serve Senyora Valencia. Another, I think, is the point in her life when her parents transferred to New York to work there. She was very young then and yet had to live without her parents with her. Amabelle experienced this when her parents drowned while crossing the river at the border. Both of them were forced to live without their parents at a time when they need guidance, love, and care from the person who brought them into this world. Third and last point is when Danticat transferred to Brooklyn to live with her real family. Adjustment to this new family was difficult, and to make it worse, she also had difficulty adjusting at school, because she spoke only Creole and did not know any English. Other students taunted her as a Haitian, a boat person, or a refugee. This time, it’s not only Amabelle who experienced the same treatment from other people but all the Haitians in the Dominicans part of the land. As evident in the novel, most of them suffered greatly because of their race, social status, and language. Obviously, it is very apparent that the novel Farming of the Bones was a literary record of what had happened to the 1937 massacre and a bit of the author’s life. In fact, the massacre, Danticat told Mallay Charters in Publishers Weekly, is not just a part of our history, as Haitians, but its also a part of the history of the world. Writing about it is an act of remembrance. References: Brice-Finch (1999) A review of The Farming of Bones, in World Literature Today, Vol. 73, No. 2, p. 373. Munro, M. (2006) Writing Disaster: Trauma, Memory, and History in Edwidge Danticat’s The Farming of Bones. London: Faber and Faber Upchurch, M. (1998) â€Å"No Room for the Living,† in New York Times Book Review. Lancer, J. The Conflict between Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Retrieved from http://www.allempires.com/forum/ Wucker, M. (1998) The River Massacre: The Real and Imagined Borders of Hispaniola Retrieved from: http://windows.on.haiti-the.river.massacre.files.html (2005) Edwidge Danticat. Retrieved from http://voices.cla.umn.edu/vg/Bios/entries/danticat_edwidge.html (2009) 70 Years Ago in the Dominican Republic! Retrieved from http://fowomouvriye.org/Bulletins/001/TheHopeAct.html (2012) The Farming of Bones: Author Biography. Retrieved from http://www.enotes.com/farming-bones (2012) Dominican Republic. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica

Diversifying Teaching Styles to Meet the Needs of All Learners Essay

Diversifying Teaching Styles to Meet the Needs of All Learners When researching about education, one often finds a great deal of literature and information about learning styles. Educators spend countless hours studying their students in order to find out how they learn best. All students have needs when it comes to how they learn and educators must be able to meet those needs in order to promote successful learning in their classrooms. This (paper/article) will focus on teaching strategies and how to vary them so that each learning style preference is addressed, therefore increasing the level of achievement of each student and making learning a successful outcome in the classroom. Strategies, or methods of instruction, include the ways in which the content/information is transformed into new learning for the students. The content can be transformed directly from the teacher to the student through lecture, demonstration, drill and questioning, or more indirectly where the teacher's role is to facilitate learning situations through grouping, discovery, inquiry, role-play and simulations (Freiberg, Driscoll, 1996). Wilen, Ishler, Hutchison, and Kindsvatter (2000) stress that building a positive, supportive learning environment is an important goal for all teachers who want their students to succeed in learning. To maintain student interest and achieve higher results, they encourage teachers to use a variety of methods. They suggest four strategies for "generating an academic climate" in the classroom (p. 30): 1) be task oriented and aware of time. Teachers often find themselves in a situation, which limits the amount of time they can spend on a certain topi c. Therefore, it is recommended that teachers try to rema... ..., A. (1996). Universal teaching strategies (2nd ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Hyman, R.T. (1974). Ways of teaching (2nd ed.). New York: J.B. Lippincott. Mastropieri, M. A., Scruggs, T. E. (1991). Teaching students ways to remember. Cambridge, MA: Brookline Books. Ornstein, A. C. (1995). Teaching theory into practice. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Plauche-Parker, J. (1989). Instructional strategies for teaching the gifted. Needham Heights, MA; Allyn & Bacon, Inc. Tuckman, B. W. (1991). "Derivation and description of and interpersonal construct model of teaching to help student teachers self-actualize." Paper presented an annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago. Wilen, W., Ishler, M., Hutchison, J., Kindsvatter, R. (2000). Dynamics of effective teaching (4th ed.). New York: Addison Wesley Longman Diversifying Teaching Styles to Meet the Needs of All Learners Essay Diversifying Teaching Styles to Meet the Needs of All Learners When researching about education, one often finds a great deal of literature and information about learning styles. Educators spend countless hours studying their students in order to find out how they learn best. All students have needs when it comes to how they learn and educators must be able to meet those needs in order to promote successful learning in their classrooms. This (paper/article) will focus on teaching strategies and how to vary them so that each learning style preference is addressed, therefore increasing the level of achievement of each student and making learning a successful outcome in the classroom. Strategies, or methods of instruction, include the ways in which the content/information is transformed into new learning for the students. The content can be transformed directly from the teacher to the student through lecture, demonstration, drill and questioning, or more indirectly where the teacher's role is to facilitate learning situations through grouping, discovery, inquiry, role-play and simulations (Freiberg, Driscoll, 1996). Wilen, Ishler, Hutchison, and Kindsvatter (2000) stress that building a positive, supportive learning environment is an important goal for all teachers who want their students to succeed in learning. To maintain student interest and achieve higher results, they encourage teachers to use a variety of methods. They suggest four strategies for "generating an academic climate" in the classroom (p. 30): 1) be task oriented and aware of time. Teachers often find themselves in a situation, which limits the amount of time they can spend on a certain topi c. Therefore, it is recommended that teachers try to rema... ..., A. (1996). Universal teaching strategies (2nd ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Hyman, R.T. (1974). Ways of teaching (2nd ed.). New York: J.B. Lippincott. Mastropieri, M. A., Scruggs, T. E. (1991). Teaching students ways to remember. Cambridge, MA: Brookline Books. Ornstein, A. C. (1995). Teaching theory into practice. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Plauche-Parker, J. (1989). Instructional strategies for teaching the gifted. Needham Heights, MA; Allyn & Bacon, Inc. Tuckman, B. W. (1991). "Derivation and description of and interpersonal construct model of teaching to help student teachers self-actualize." Paper presented an annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago. Wilen, W., Ishler, M., Hutchison, J., Kindsvatter, R. (2000). Dynamics of effective teaching (4th ed.). New York: Addison Wesley Longman

China’s Foreign Policy Towards International Actors Essay

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY China has one of the four oldest civilizations in the world and a written history of 4,000 years. China’s long history includes eras of primitive society, slave society, feudalism and semi feudalism, semi-colonialism and the present socialist society. The Chinese are very proud of their society. They value their own culture and religion but are open and pragmatic towards the religions and cultures of others. Chinese people in general are peaceful, hardworking and easily contented. They respect authority and elders and are patient with their fellows. They will, however, push and sacrifice for their children. The Chinese value modesty, reserved behavior and humility. They believe in harmony and tend to avoid confrontation. Chinese culture gives the Chinese people their basic identity. These core values are unique and consistent, shaped by a tradition of four thousand years of history and maintained by the same language. There is only one set of core values in the Chinese national culture, despite all the differences among these people and their societies. This cultural value system is uniquely Chinese that distinguish itself not only from Western cultures, but also from other Eastern cultures (for example, Japanese culture). China is now a global actor of significant and growing importance. It is involved in regions and on issues that were once only peripheral to its interests and it is effectively using tools previously unavailable. It is no longer necessary to emphasize integrating China into the existing constellation of norms, rules, and institutions of the international community; by and large, China is already there. It is influencing perceptions, relationships, and organizations all over the world. China’s international behavior is clearly altering the dynamics of the current international system, but it is not transforming its structure. China’s global activism is driven by an identifiable set of perceptions, objectives, and policies—some are long-standing and others are more current. Both China’s foreign policy objectives and its policies have evolved in the last decade but with more change in the latter than the former. In this sense, China has a distinct foreign policy strategy, to the extent that any nation has one. China’s strategy is best understood as comprising multiple layers, each adding to an understanding of the totality of it. This monograph analyzes these layers, assesses the challenges for China in implementing its strategy, and evaluates the implications for Bangladesh and other countries interests and policy. The monograph analyzes the content, character, and execution of China’s foreign policy towards International actors. It examines how China views its security environment, how it defines its foreign policy objectives, how it is pursuing the objectives and the consequences for other countries economic and security interests. The breadth and the rapidity of change in China’s international activities are daunting to analyze, let alone to understand.

Market Competition - 1030 Words

Industrial regulations are those regulations in which â€Å"the government commissions regulate the price charged by natural monopolists†. (McConnell Brue, 2008, p. 382) These regulations exist to ensure that natural monopolies are not charging consumers monopoly prices which in turn hurt the consumers as well as society as a whole. Industrial regulations affect the market by its regulation of the natural monopolies which in turn protects the markets consumers. These regulations also allow for a fair profit to the natural monopoly by setting a fair rate, protecting its consumers, but also a â€Å"fair return to the enterprises†. (McConnell Brue, 2008, p. 382) In terms of market structure, entities that are affected by industrial†¦show more content†¦This particular Act prevents firms from acquiring the â€Å"physical assets of another firm when the effect would be reduced competition†. (McConnell Brue, 2008, p 376) In addition, the Celler-Kefauver Act of 1950 prohibits anticompetitive mergers. (McConnell Brue, 2008, p 376) The three main regulatory commissions of industrial regulation include the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, the Federal Communications Commission, and the State Public Utility Commissions. Each regulatory commission regulates a particular area. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission regulates the interstate transmission of natural gas, oil, and electricity. This is accomplished by setting the rates/charges of the interstate transmission and sale. (Federal Register) The Federal Communications Commission regulates interstate and foreign communications through different types of media including internet, telephone, radio, and satellite. This commission governs this area through â€Å"assigning frequency, power, and call sign for radio† as well as the regulation of areas of media that may be â€Å"deemed indecent or illegal†. (Encyclopedia of Business) Finally, the State Public Utility Commission regulates public utility services. Although individual states ha ve their own State Public Utility Commissions their ultimate goals are to ensure that customers receive reliable and reasonably pricedShow MoreRelatedPerfect Competition : A Competitive Market1068 Words   |  5 PagesPerfect Competition A perfectly competitive market is a hypothetical market where competition is at its greatest possible level. Economists argued that perfect competition would produce the best possible outcomes for consumers. Key characteristics †¢ Perfect knowledge – knowledge is freely available to all participants, which means risk-taking is minimal. †¢ Rational Decision – Maximize their self-interest – consumers look to maximize their utility, and producers look to maximize their profits. †¢Read MorePerfect Competition : The Market Price Of An Product1394 Words   |  6 PagesPerfect competition describes a marketplace that no one participant can set the market price of an exchangeable product. This is generally considered an ideal, rarely found in markets today. There are some approximations, such as online auctions, such as eBay. Such firms’ demand curves are perfectly elastic. These markets are theorized to have an unlimited number of buyers and sellers. There are likewise no barriers to entry or exit. 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It also discussed the possibility for firms to generate profit s in the short-run and/or in the long-run within these four market structures. It will be shown in the discussion that both monopolistic and oligopolistic firms are able to generate profits in both short-run and long-run, while firms in perfect competition and monopolistic competition could onlyRead MorePerfect Competition : The Market Price Of An Product1391 Words   |  6 PagesPerfect competition describes a marketplace that no one participant can set the market price of an exchangeable product. This is generally considered an ideal, rarely found in markets today. There are some approximations, such as online auctions, such as eBay. Such firms’ demand curves are perfectly elastic. These markets are theorized to have an unlimited number of buyers and sellers. There are likewise no barriers to entry or exit. 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It consists of a market structure in which there is a small number of large firms in the industry hence is relatively highly concentrated. Barriers to entry and exit are also likely to exist. In oligopoly markets there is product differentiationRead MoreMonopolistic Competition : Competitive Market Structure1757 Words   |  8 Pages Perfect Competition â€Å"Perfect competition is the market structure in which there are many sellers and buyers, firms produce a homogeneous product, and there is free entry into and exit out of the industry†(Amacher Pate, 2013) Real Life Examples A good example of perfect competition will be foreign exchange market because the currency is homogeneous. As well traders will have access to different buyers and sellersRead MoreCompetition and Markets Module 5 SLP800 Words   |  4 Pages Competition and Markets Module 5 SLP Name: Institution: Competition and Markets Module 5 SLP The firm to be addressed in this case is Travelodge. 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A Community College Or A University - 993 Words

With economic costs increasing, many businesses are now requiring individuals to have a higher level of education and at least a few years of experience in order to receive employment. Since living expenses are increasing rapidly each year, minimum wage jobs are not making ends meet anymore. More and more people are thinking about enrolling into secondary and tertiary educational institutions just to make a comfortable living for themselves as well as their families. Now that several individuals are planning to enroll within a higher educational institution, they are not sure where to begin their new scholastic journey. Most of the individuals that are now enrolling into secondary educational institutions have been out of school for year. Which is right for you? Will you journey begin at a community college or a university? Although they both have their benefits and shortcomings, they both offer the same diversities of knowledge. When deciding where is best to continue with a steady start, each individual should know that a community college and a university differ in learning environment, cost, and how much time the individual would like to spend on campus, but first, what are the differences between a community college and a university. A community college, also known as junior college, is a two-year educational institution that offers courses to people living in a particular area -precisely for locals. At a community college, the individual could either take selectiveShow MoreRelatedCommunity College Or University?871 Words   |  4 Pages Community College or University Going to a community college, rather than a university, is a much more sufficient choice for high school graduates. Community colleges like Rockingham Community College (RCC), have increased benefits for the undergraduate students compared to that of a university. Attending RCC is a superior choice for most students because it is less expensive than a university, it has smaller, more flexible classes, and it is also usually closer to home and work. ThereRead MoreCommunity College or University?922 Words   |  4 PagesChoosing a college or deciding to even go to college is one of the most stressful things that we have had to do in our lives so far. This is especially stressful when you don’t have the money to pay for college or don’t know what you want to major in. College is very expensive and the costs add up quickly. Community college is less expensive and is not much different than a university. You can start majoring in something in a community college and then transfer your credits to a university. Many peopleRead MoreCommunity College Vs. University Essay1343 Words   |  6 PagesFor me, the decision to go to college was never based on community college vs. university. 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I never considered attending a community college because I considered it irrelevant and less rewarding than a university. Now I have a diff erent view about community colleges and I canRead MoreCommunity College vs. University Essay559 Words   |  3 PagesAttention: Future college students, After twelve years of school, where will you go next? Many of you have developed the ambition to prolong your education and attend college. Today, there are many more options than there were in the past. One does not have to graduate high school and go straight to a four year university. It is sometimes better for a student to go to a community college and focus on transfer courses or simply get an Associate’s Degree. On the other hand, there are young adultsRead MoreThe University Of District Of Columbia Community College Essay1414 Words   |  6 PagesCommunity Colleges were developed with the purpose of providing an affordable and accessible education. 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The Problem Of Global Health - 1588 Words

Global health is a field of focus for many nations worldwide but there are many colonies that are still struggling with health. Many nations struggle with the development of strategies to prevent disease, outbreak, other struggle with the development of new medications, and vaccinations but together these struggles create global health issues worldwide. Canada is considered to be one of the most developed countries in the world and many other less-developed nations rely on Canada for solutions to certain problems. A big concern for less developed countries and debatably one of the most difficult things to resolve is level of health. Although Canada is a developed country the government is not able to resolve problems that less-developed†¦show more content†¦This fungal pathogen greatly affected the health of individual Canadians (Rekart et el., 2003, 258). Due to the spread of this disease, Canada had to prioritize and find treatments for the Canadian population before assi sting other nations worldwide. A serious epidemic called SARS developed in China and transmitted internationally to Toronto and the Greater Toronto Area because of the lenient travel restrictions that Canada has in effect(Rekart et el., 2003, 258). There were many negative effects of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome including an average health decline for Canadians overall and major economic losses for Canada as a country. Between the years of 2002 and 2004, the Canadian tourism sector took loses of 350 million dollars, there was expected to be a one billion dollar decline in Toronto’s economy and non-retail sales dropped by 380 million dollars due to the SARS epidemic (CBC, 2003). Another outbreak that greatly affected Canada and its residents is the tuberculosis outbreak in British Columbia. In a recent study, it was estimated that about two thirds of tuberculosis cases was developed from immigrants(Rekart et el., 2003, 258). That being said, Canada should focus on im plementing more strict travel restrictions to eliminate the outbreak of unknown diseases before focusing on helping other nations with health issues. There are many issues that still exist with theShow MoreRelatedObesity : A Growing Global Health Problem1593 Words   |  7 Pagesobesity? It is when someone is so overweight that is a threat to their own health. Today obesity is a growing global health problem among children, teenagers and adults. This is due to over-eating especially when the person is over — eating unhealthy foods and a lack of enough exercise throughout the day. Obesity, is when someone is so overweight that is a threat to their own health. Today obesity is a growing global health problem among children, teenagers and adults. 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Organizational Culture for Journal of Nursing- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theOrganizational Culture for Journal of Nursing Studies. Answer: Introduction In this era of globalization, the attitudes of management of the companies are also evolving with the widen information technologies and the bigger intrusiveness of the national and international governments in the major spheres of the business management (Wise Velayutham, 2014). There have been several studies on the understanding of the difference of intercultural communication and its impact on the organizational culture between countries. Most such studies are generally restricted within the sociolinguistic parameters or have mostly revolved around the politeness phenomena, lunch etiquette, foreign language acquisition or norm discrepancy. There are some huge culture differences in Asia and Australia region and this makes few specific differences in the organizational culture. Some researchers claim that Australia is almost a part of Asia but this claim is psychologically wrong and geographically questionable (Barak, 2016). Australia is a major part of a global politics where so me Asian countries are entangled with the financial and social development. Therefore this report will cultivate on the organizational culture of Unilever in both the countries, Singapore and Australia, in terms of their work place layout, individual behaviour such as dress codes, bureaucracy and interpersonal practices. Background of the company Unilever is a transitional consumer productions organization based in Netherlands. The company has a wide range of products including beverages, foods, personal care products etc. It is one of the biggest consumer goods organization along with the biggest manufacturer of food spreads like margarine. Unilever is the owner of more than four hundred brands and it is one of the oldest multinationals that sells its products over 190 countries all over the world (Unilever Global, 2018). The company is mostly categorized in four divisions: foods, personal care, and home care and refreshment products. This report will discuss the differences in organizational culture in the backdrop of Unilever. Work place Layout There is always a profound impact of the national culture on the work place layout, as when one walks into an office, it is quite evident. The offices of Unilever in Australia have small touches of their national culture such as faux koalas, surfboard tables, kangaroo printed wall or even the demographic map of Australia in the conference rooms. Even though there are also few personal touches and impact of the national culture on their designing of offices, the Australian offices are certainly more creative than the Singaporeans (Admi Eilon-Moshe, 2016). This may be due to the reason that Australians tend to be more creative while freeing their inner personalities free and they embrace their creative personality more than anywhere in the world. The Australian branches of Unilever exhibits more cultural flavour than any other country. Sometimes the designing of offices has been done by collaborating with some employees, therefore there is always a personal touch and every employee te nds to have a feeling of ownership. This enhances their idea of cohesiveness within a group and gives a feeling of solidarity. The theory of group think and group decision making indicates that this enhances the organizational communication, even though sometimes it can also lead to substandard decision making process (Klarsfeld et al., 2016). Therefore it is necessary that the final control stays in the hands of management. Bureaucracy and Office Culture There is a huge difference between how the bureaucracy works within the Singaporean and Australian culture. Considering the Hofstede cultural dimension, it can be seen that the work culture in Singapore ranks higher in individualism dimension, whereas Australia ranks quite low. This indicates the distinctive differences between the western and East Asian cultures. The individualistic culture in Australia imply that there is a openness in their communications, the employees know how to disclose their own opinion clearly, they are straight forward which eventually contribute in maintaining a positive environment within the office premises (D'Cruz et al., 2016). However in Singapore, the office culture is collectivistic which implies a group oriented culture. Indirect communications are emphasized here as maintaining the group harmony is more important than having a direct discussion. The Singaporean culture focuses more on monitoring and reflecting on the systematic procedures, whereas Australian culture believes that talking is therapeutic. In addition to that, the concept of hierarchy is quite strong in Singaporean culture as the senior employees or the higher management prefers sitting separately in their offices from the other employees, however sitting on floor and working has been embraced in the Australian office culture in Unilever. Another major difference can be indicated that like most western culture, the Australian culture in Unilever also believes that the business is mostly run by the consumers; however the Singaporean office culture believes that the higher management is the most important part of any business (Rees Smith, 2017). Therefore they are treated with extreme respect and hierarchy. The millennial employees prefer breaking down the walls between the higher management and the rest of the employees; however employees from older generations tend to expect more hierarchy and privacy in Singapore. Work hours Reflecting on working hours is very much helpful in understanding the difference in organizational culture in both the countries. In the Unilever office in Singapore, employees do not start their shifts early in the morning. They are mostly seen to be coming in the office around 11 or 12oclock in the morning and they also work till late nights (Lyons Kuron, 2014). They prefer spending time with their family in the morning before they start their office work. However, in the Australia office, most employees start their day early in the morning and they prefer finishing their job as soon as possible to go home and be with their family. Individual behaviour There is not much difference in dress codes in office in both the countries; however, the Australian office is more flexible when dressing is considered. There are days such as Fridays when employees come in casual dresses. However in Singapore, business casuals are always expected from their employees. The office environment is quite formal in Singapore; therefore the employees are not at all expected to come to office in casual dresses, not even on a specific day in a week. Another major difference in individual behaviour in both the countries is the type and manner the junior employees ask questions or interact with the higher management (Henning et al., 2017). As hierarchy is quite evident in the Singaporean office culture, the employees are expected to have a formal conversation with the higher management. While interacting with CEO or anyone from the higher management, it will probably take an entire team to go and talk to them. Even such interactions are mostly focused on busi ness in Singapore. However, the Australian office culture is much more informal than the Singaporean culture. The employees here are more informal and direct. Therefore if the CEO is visiting the Australian office and he starts interacting with the employees, he may expect some direct questions from the employees. However, this may never happen in the Singaporean culture. This feature carries a little difficulty as it is easier for the higher management to know about the employees in Australia, but understanding the approach of employees in Singapore is quite complex (Etelpelto, 2015). As discussed in the models of organizational communication, that there should be a continuous flow of communication, which is evident in both the countries, however, it is a much easier to flow the communication from the higher management to the employees in Singapore. However the communication culture is two-way in the Australian office. Socializing and food A major difference can be observed in Singaporean and Australian culture in terms of socialising with the employees and sharing food. Socializing in Australia is mostly done on the basis of important events or on weekends or Fridays. However, in Singapore the employees prefer to spend time with their families on weekends, so interacting and socializing with their colleagues happens mostly earlier in week. It is also believed in Singapore that building relationship with colleagues can only happen while they are sharing meals or going out with each other. However, the Australian culture is a little different as employees can socialize with their colleagues over few drinks, but it is not mandatory for having a cordial relationship amongst them (Hauff, Richter Tressin, 2015). In the Singapore office in Unilever, employees come together almost once in every day, mostly during lunch time, to gather and share their meals and socialize. As this is a multicultural country, food from differen t ethnicities are shared. As a result to that, this becomes a great way of interacting with rest of the employees out if the business context. However, Australian office exhibits more breakfasts together. There are people who bring breakfasts for everyone in the office. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be said that, both the countries are quite different in terms of their communication styles, approaches for finishing their jobs, decision making approaches or their attitude while a conflict takes place within the organization. Communication styles and language usages vary across culture as there can be words that carry different shades in them. In the Singaporean culture, people are more interested in developing relationships with their colleagues while they start with a project, however the Australian culture believes more in developing the relationship throughout the projects. Reference list Admi, H., Eilon-Moshe, Y. (2016). Do hospital shift charge nurses from different cultures experience similar stress? An international cross sectional study.International journal of nursing studies,63, 48-57. Barak, M. E. M. (2016).Managing diversity: Toward a globally inclusive workplace. Sage Publications. Chan, S. W., Chan, M. F., Lee, S. Y., Henderson, A. (2014). Retracted: Nurses learning in the workplace: a comparison of workplace attributes in acute care settings in Australia and Singapore.International nursing review,61(1), 82-89. D'Cruz, P., Paull, M., Omari, M., Guneri-Cangarli, B. (2016). Target experiences of workplace bullying: insights from Australia, India and Turkey.Employee Relations,38(5), 805-823. Etelpelto, A. (2015). 3-THE ROLE OF WORK IDENTITY AND AGENCY IN WORKPLACE LEARNING.Towards a new understanding of workplace learning: the context of,5, 351-388. Hauff, S., Richter, N. F., Tressin, T. (2015). Situational job characteristics and job satisfaction: The moderating role of national culture.International business review,24(4), 710-723. Henning, M. A., Zhou, C., Adams, P., Moir, F., Hobson, J., Hallett, C., Webster, C. S. (2017). Workplace harassment among staff in higher education: a systematic review.Asia Pacific Education Review,18(4), 521-539. Klarsfeld, A., Ng, E. S., Booysen, L. A., Christiansen, L. C., Kuvaas, B. (2016). International and comparative perspectives on diversity management: an overview.Research handbook of international and comparative perspectives on diversity management, 1-17. Lyons, S., Kuron, L. (2014). Generational differences in the workplace: A review of the evidence and directions for future research.Journal of Organizational Behavior,35(S1). Rees, G., Smith, P. (Eds.). (2017).Strategic human resource management: An international perspective. Sage. Samovar, L. A., Porter, R. E., McDaniel, E. R., Roy, C. S. (2015).Communication between cultures. Nelson Education. Turner, R., Tout, D. (2016). Session F: Are Australian mathematical foundations solid enough for the 21st century?. Unilever Global. (2018). Unilever global company website. Retrieved 23 March 2018, from https://www.unilever.com/ Wise, A., Velayutham, S. (2014). Conviviality in everyday multiculturalism: Some brief comparisons between Singapore and Sydney.European journal of cultural studies,17(4), 406-430.